Why does a Solana offline-signed transaction expire before I broadcast it?

Ordinary Solana transactions reference a recent blockhash with a short validity period. Signing offline and submitting too late can leave the transaction expired.

The answer

Ordinary Solana transactions reference a recent blockhash with a short validity period. Signing offline and submitting too late can leave the transaction expired.

What to do next

Use a fresh blockhash or a carefully managed durable-nonce transaction if the wallet and workflow support it.

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Ledger hardware wallet

A hardware signing device to compare for supported Solana assets; it does not fix Solana network, token or smart-contract faults.

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